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The atlantoaxial junction is a delicate anatomic complex that involves an intricate relationship between the atlas and the axis to allow flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral bending. The interrelation of osseous, ligamentous, neural elements, and articulations make the atlantoaxial junction…
Introduction Lumbar spine disorders and the disabling pain associated with these conditions are associated with significant healthcare resource use and costs in the United States. Of these patients, an estimated 3% with back pain will require surgical intervention. Spine surgery…