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SUMMARY Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is clinically characterized by pain, abnormal regulation of blood flow and sweating, edema of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, active and passive movement disorders, and trophic changes in the skin, appendages of the skin,…
Introduction Identification of potential biomarkers for chronic pain is essential for correct diagnosis, prediction, and evaluation of treatment response. A biomarker is defined as a “characteristic objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or…