Introduction Endoscopic visualization: Historical context Today, endoscopic endonasal surgery is an important component of skull base surgery. This development has only been possible because of constant evolution of visualization capabilities together with deeper knowledge of anatomy and refinement of surgical…
Introduction Endoscopic reconstruction following transtuberculum and transplanum approaches to suprasellar pathology is an area of ongoing evolution. The cornerstones of endoscopic repair remain similar to open surgical approaches with the aims of reestablishing separation of the cranial vault and sinonasal…
Introduction Over the past 3 decades, the management of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks from the anterior and middle cranial fossa has changed dramatically. One reason is the robust expansion of endonasal endoscopic surgery for approach and management of these issues,…
Introduction Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks can lead to life-threatening conditions, including meningitis and stroke. Depending on the cause and especially for spontaneous CSF leaks, diagnosis of a CSF leak can be challenging given that nasal mucus can be difficult to…
Introduction ▪ For more than 100 years, surgical decompression of the orbit has been used to treat severe proptosis and optic neuropathy associated with Graves disease, also known as Thyroid Eye Disease (TED). ▪ Although decompression techniques involving removal of…