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Introduction Minimally invasive spine surgery has gained much popularity in recent years owing to the reductions in patient morbidity, length of hospital stay, and costs. Although these short-term outcomes have seen marked improvements, there has been little improvement in the…
Head Anatomy and Biomechanics Head injuries have multiple mechanisms, which include the injuries from an impact of the brain against the inside of the skull ( Fig. 123.1 ). A coup injury occurs when the brain strikes the inner skull…