Tag R. Eugene Zierler

Blood flow in human arteries and veins can be described in terms of hemodynamic principles that provide the theoretical foundation for the treatment of vascular disease. The major mechanisms of arterial disease are obstruction of the lumen and disruption of…

Duplex ultrasound scanning was developed in the 1970s as a direct noninvasive method for evaluating the extracranial carotid arteries. Subsequent advances in ultrasound technology, particularly the improved B-mode imaging systems, color-flow Doppler imaging, and lower-frequency ultrasound transducers, have extended the…