Key points • The anterior and posterior ethmoid foramen are the intraoperative anatomical landmarks to visualize for the level of a subcranial osteotomy. Violation of the frontal bone via an orbital osteotomy above these landmarks carries the risk of cerebrospinal…
Key points • As the aesthetic impact of orthognathic surgery is increasingly appreciated, occlusal plane rotation may be used by the surgeon to optimize facial balance. This approach requires bimaxillary surgery. • Over impaction can cause a significantly “aged” appearance.…
• The overall facial arc should have a slight convexity, with the projection greatest at the subnasale (anterior nasal spine [ANS]). • Women typically prefer a more convex face, which is more feminine, rather than a flatter face, which is…
Key points • The overall facial arc should have a slight convexity, with the projection greatest at the subnasale. • Women typically prefer a more convex face, which is more feminine, rather than a flatter face, which is typical of…
Key points • Cephalometric analysis is performed in three-dimensions to allow the surgeon and the orthodontist to address asymmetry in all three planes. • The time-consuming laboratory process of facebow transfer, plaster mounting of dental casts, sectioning, repositioning, and remounting…