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Radical cystectomy for the treatment of muscle-invasive or high-risk non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer must include extended lymphadenectomy to improve pathological staging and surveillance. When we refer to extended lymphadenectomy, it includes internal, external, and common iliac artery stations. An anatomical understanding…
Introduction Open kidney transplantation (OKT) is considered the gold standard treatment for end-stage renal disease as it is able to achieve a greater survival rate and a better quality of life in comparison to hemodialysis. The introduction of this surgical…