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Spinal digital subtraction angiography (SpDSA) is the gold standard imaging modality for evaluating vascular anomalies of the spine and spinal cord. Endovascular treatment of spinal vascular lesions was pioneered in the late 1960s shortly after the introduction of selective spinal…
Craniocervical Arteries Cerebral blood flow is provided by the paired internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and vertebral arteries (VAs). The intradural branches of the ICA supply the anterior cerebral circulation (i.e., cerebral hemispheres, including basal ganglia) and the orbit; these branches…