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Definition: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an orbital autoimmune process associated with autoimmune thyroid disorders that causes inflammation and expansion and fibrosis of orbital fat and striated muscle, resulting in cosmetic and functional morbidity. Key Features Approximately 50% of patients…
Introduction Primary neurogenic tumors of the orbit arise from the optic nerve, from peripheral sensory or motor nerves or from the autonomic ciliary ganglion. Secondary neurogenic tumors include retinoblastomas and intracranial meningiomas that invade directly from contiguous structures or neuroblastomas…