Objectives This chapter will: 1. Describe the pathophysiologic pathways of heart and kidney interaction. 2. Characterize the effect of heart failure on the kidney. 3. Identify risk factors and preexisting comorbid conditions. 4. Describe the clinical outcomes and potential therapeutic…
Objectives This chapter will: 1. Review the epidemiology and classification system applied to cardiorenal syndromes. 2. Understand the predisposing factors that increase the risk for acute and chronic cardiorenal syndromes. 3. Explore the wide range of systems and mediators involved…
Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians Kidney disease confers increased risks for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), myocardial disease and heart failure (HF), arrhythmias, and valvular disease. Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension (HTN), and increased…