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Abbreviations (BMP) Bone morphogenic protein (CXCL) C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL12) C-X-C motif chemokine 12 (CXCR4) C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (DKK1) Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 1 (FGFs) Fibroblast growth factors (HSC) Hematopoietic stem cell (IFNγ) Interferon γ (IGF) Insulin-like…
Introduction In human disease, bone metastasis is a slow process often developing years after the initial tumor is diagnosed and treated. Bone metastases are commonly only detected when patients present with late-stage symptomatic disease, at a point when extensive bone…