Systemic hypertension In 2017, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) redefined hypertension as a sustained systolic blood pressure above 130 mm Hg and/or a diastolic pressure above 80 mm Hg. This new definition arose in response to the…
Systemic hypertension In 2017, the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) redefined hypertension as a sustained systolic blood pressure above 130 mm Hg and/or a diastolic pressure above 80 mm Hg. This new definition arose in response to the…
A thorough understanding of the basic principles of cardiovascular physiology is essential for effective and safe patient management in the perioperative period. This information provides a theoretical rationale for the use of drugs, intravenous infusions, and other therapeutic measures to…
The human heart beats billions of times during the course of a normal life span, with each beat representing the amalgamation of electrical, biochemical, and mechanical events that occur over milliseconds. This chapter reviews the cellular and molecular processes that…