In addition to the basic choice of transducer type and frequency for the examination in hand, there are many other factors on a Doppler ultrasound system which need to be adjusted. Despite the efforts of the manufacturers to automate and…
Doppler examination in the abdomen is associated with specific problems which are not encountered in peripheral vascular examinations and these are particularly relevant to examinations of the aorta, inferior vena cava and their associated vessels. Respiratory motion and cardiac pulsation…
The peripheral veins may be affected by a variety of disorders which can be assessed by ultrasound. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and thromboembolic disease are the most common indications for investigation of the peripheral veins but venous insufficiency and vein…
Atheroma occurs to different degrees in different parts of an individual’s cardiovascular system and the lower limb arteries are particularly prone to the development of atherosclerosis. Approximately 2% of adults in late middle age in Western countries have intermittent claudication…
The Carotid and Vertebral Arteries CAROTID DISEASE AND STROKE Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In the United Kingdom, there are approximately 150 000 first strokes each year and some 53 000 deaths a year as a…
Principles of Blood Flow This section describes the simple principles of blood flow which are of value in understanding the role of Doppler and for performing vascular ultrasound examinations. The underlying principles of fluid mechanics applied to the flow of…