Venous disease has high prevalence, affecting at least a third of the adult population in Western countries. In patients with venous disease, the venous return is impeded as a result of reflux, obstruction, or the combination of both pathologies. Reflux…
In the 1980s and 1990s, grading of the degree of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis with duplex scanning depended on Doppler velocities at the site of maximum stenosis. With increasing resolution and image quality of gray-scale images and better color…
Historical Background Postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) remains an important health care problem in United States. A population-based study showed that the incidence of venous ulcers currently approaches 18 per 100,000 habitants per year. The same study identified that PTS is responsible…
Etiology and Natural History of Disease Primary Venous Disease Primary venous disease affects two-thirds of patients with chronic venous disease (CVD). The most accepted theory is based on increased venous hydrostatic pressure transmitted to the vein wall, causing smooth muscle…
Procedural and diagnostic vascular ultrasound applications are essential in the intensive care unit (ICU). This chapter presents a synopsis of arterial disorders, whereas evaluation of venous thrombosis and ultrasound-guided vascular procedures are presented in Chapter 9, Chapter 10, Chapter 11,…