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Introduction Tracheal resection may be undertaken for tracheal strictures and tracheal tumors. Most commonly the trachea is exposed through a cervical incision, but for distal tracheal or carinal access either a sternotomy or a right thoracotomy may be required. Up…
Introduction Bronchoscopy is an important diagnostic tool that can also be used therapeutically. Both rigid ( Fig. 18.1 ) and flexible bronchoscopes ( Fig. 18.2 ) can be used, and both techniques have relative advantages and disadvantages. Although flexible bronchoscopy…