Physical Address
304 North Cardinal St.
Dorchester Center, MA 02124
The renal system
Anatomy and physiology The kidneys lie posteriorly in the abdomen, retroperitoneally on either side of the spine at the T12–L3 level, and are 11–14 cm long ( Fig. 12.1 ). The right kidney lies 1.5 cm lower than the left because of the…