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Introduction Lumbar interbody fusion (LIF) is a well-accepted treatment for spinal pathologies. Traditionally, LIF is performed using posterior approaches. These open strategies require broad dissection of the paraspinal musculature and nerve root retraction to access the disk space for interbody…
Summary of Key Points Soft tissue and vascular complications related to spinal surgery are usually predictable and vary depending on the region being operated upon. Cervical spine surgery–related soft tissue complications frequently include dysphagia, hoarseness, and vocal fold motion impairment.…