Monitoring the response of tumors to treatment has become an integral component of oncologic imaging. Imaging studies play a vital role in objective assessment by quantifying tumor response to a variety of physical and pharmaceutical treatments. Traditionally, therapeutic response has…
Trauma Etiology Urethral trauma may result from blunt, penetrating, or iatrogenic injury. The spectrum of urethral injuries includes contusion, partial or complete disruption, and urethral injury and may involve either the anterior or posterior urethral segment. Blunt anterior urethral injuries…
Urethral Diverticulum Etiology A urethral diverticulum is a focal outpouching of urethral tissue into the urethrovaginal space. It is thought to be due to postinflammatory dilatation and rupture of the periurethral glands (of Skene) into the urethra. Most urethral diverticula…
Benign Testicular Lesions Etiology and Clinical Presentation Benign scrotal or testicular swellings and masses have many etiologies and different clinical presentations, as listed in Tables 78-1 and 78-2 . Of palpable nodules, 31% to 47% are benign at surgery. TABLE…
Technical Aspects Scrotal imaging has been one of the undeniable success stories of modern radiology. The scrotum is predominantly imaged for two clinical indications: the painless scrotal mass and the acute scrotum. Both conditions predominantly affect young men in the…
Etiology Penile lesions can be categorized by cause ( Box 76-1 ). Box 76-1 From Bhatt S, Kocakoc E, Rubens DJ, et al: Sonographic evaluation of penile trauma. J Ultrasound Med 2005; 24:993–1000. Penile Pathologic Processes Trauma Blunt trauma Penetrating or…
Etiology Erectile dysfunction manifests clinically most commonly as impotence and less commonly as priapism. The causes of impotence can be psychogenic, endocrinologic, neurogenic, anatomic, infectious, pharmacologic, or vasogenic. Vasogenic causes of erectile dysfunction include venous leak (aging, priapism, congenital, idiopathic)…
Etiology Adrenal masses may be neoplastic, infectious, or hemorrhagic ( Box 71-1 ). Neoplasia is the most common cause for an adrenal mass seen on imaging. An incidentally detected adrenal mass as well as an adrenal mass in a patient…
Recent technical advances in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have resulted in improved detection of subtle changes in adrenal gland morphology. The different morphologic patterns of adrenal gland enlargement on imaging can be classified as follows (…
Etiology Chronic pancreatitis is defined as an ongoing prolonged inflammatory disease characterized by progressive irreversible structural changes resulting in permanent loss of endocrine and exocrine function. The Cambridge classification of 1983 acknowledged that chronic pancreatitis is typically associated with abdominal…