Introduction Mitral stenosis (MS) is the most common sequelae of rheumatic heart disease and is characterized by diffuse fibrous thickening of the margins of the mitral valve (MV) leaflets and fusion of the commissures. Untreated, severe MS can lead to…
Paravalvular leak (PVL) occurs in 5% to 17% of patients after valve replacement surgery. Although the majority of PVLs are subclinical, some patients develop symptoms of heart failure, hemolysis, or both, requiring intervention. Surgical repair or valve re-replacement is the…
Transseptal catherization was first described by Ross, Braunwald, and Morrow in 1959 as a feasible method to obtain direct left atrial (LA) pressure measurements. Although the use of transseptal puncture (TSP) for hemodynamic assessment had since declined due to the…