In perioperative management, the hepatic and gastrointestinal (GI) systems usually receive consideration after the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. However, potential perioperative problems such as aspiration, ileus, and nausea and vomiting are common and significant. Additionally, end-stage liver disease—often associated with…
Risk Major risk is hemorrhage, especially CNS or GI. Incidence: Risk of hemorrhage in 1–7.4% of pts chronically anticoagulated. Risk is dose-related and proportional to PT prolongation. Risk of hemorrhage doubles as INR increases from 2.0–2.9 to 3.0–4.4. It further…
Risk Incidence in USA: 200–300 million new cases/y of acute, with >900,000 hospital admissions Chronic: 1–5% of population; increasing with age; female at greater risk than male Acute: Male and female equivalent Perioperative Risks Hypovolemia with hemodynamic instability Electrolyte abnormalities,…