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Introduction Heart failure (HF) can be defined physiologically as an inability of the heart to provide sufficient forward output to meet the perfusion and oxygenation requirements of the tissues at rest and during exercise while maintaining normal diastolic filling pressures.…

Additional content is available online at Elsevier eBooks for Practicing Clinicians While implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) were first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in 1985, the advent…