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There are few stresses to which the body is exposed that approach the extreme stresses of heavy exercise. In fact, if some of the extremes of exercise were continued for even moderately prolonged periods, they might be lethal. Therefore, sports…
A complete discussion of fetal development, physiology of the child immediately after birth, and growth and development through the early years of life lies within the province of formal courses in obstetrics and pediatrics. However, many physiological principles are peculiar…
In Chapter 81, Chapter 82 , the sexual functions of the male and female are described to the point of fertilization of the ovum. If the ovum becomes fertilized, a new sequence of events called gestation or pregnancy takes place,…
Female reproductive functions can be divided into two major phases: (1) preparation of the female body for conception and pregnancy and (2) the period of pregnancy itself. This chapter is concerned with preparation of the female body for pregnancy, and…
Male reproductive functions can be divided into three major subdivisions: (1) formation of sperm—spermatogenesis; (2) performance of the male sexual act; and (3) regulation of male reproductive functions by the various hormones. Associated with these reproductive functions are the effects…
The physiology of calcium and phosphate metabolism, formation of bone and teeth, and regulation of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin are all closely intertwined. The extracellular calcium ion concentration, for example, is determined by the interplay of calcium…
The pancreas, in addition to its digestive functions, secretes two major hormones, insulin and glucagon , that are crucial for normal regulation of glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Although the pancreas secretes other hormones, such as amylin, somatostatin, and pancreatic…
The two adrenal glands, each of which weighs about 4 grams, lie at the superior poles of the two kidneys. As shown in Figure 78-1 , each gland is composed of two major parts, the adrenal medulla and the adrenal…
The thyroid gland, located immediately below the larynx on each side of and anterior to the trachea, is one of the largest of the endocrine glands, normally weighing 15 to 20 grams in adults. The thyroid secretes two major metabolic…