Aortoenteric Fistulas Aortoenteric fistulas (AEFs) are rare entities that can quickly lead to sepsis, hemorrhage, and lethal exsanguination if they are not quickly diagnosed and treated. Sir Astley Cooper, an English comparative anatomist and surgeon, was the first to describe…
Nearly all vascular interventions are prone to the development of neointimal hyperplasia because any manipulation of the arterial wall induces endothelial cell injury. Current enthusiasm for less invasive but more locally injurious percutaneous peripheral vascular therapies increases the importance of…
Endothelial dysfunction is a key component in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is associated with classic CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Moreover, endothelial dysfunction is one of the first clinically detectable alterations…