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The cervical spine is the most mobile portion of the spinal column, and its stabilization has unique features. Cervical spine stabilization may be performed using anterior, posterior, or combined techniques. Fusions by anterior approaches have been widely used in cervical…
Summary of Key Points Surgical positions, incisions, and retractors are reviewed for cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral operations. Technical details of various surgical approaches are outlined. The anatomy of ventral, dorsal, and combined approaches and how to avoid complications are…