Introduction On a standard “adoption curve,” where interest in a new technology initially runs high, is followed by disappointment, then by maturation of the technology and finally a plateau of acceptance, cytology automation is firmly entrenched on the acceptance plateau.…
Introduction Cytologic examination of a serous effusion is of paramount importance because the finding of cancer cells in such a specimen denotes that the patient has cancer that is not only advanced but also almost always incurable. Apart from the…
Introduction Urine cytology as a method for diagnosing bladder carcinoma was introduced in 1945 by Papanicolaou and Marshall. Urothelial cells are present in all urine specimens and exfoliate readily from tumors of the urothelial lining. Urine cytology is therefore an…
Peritoneal Washings Peritoneal cytology has an important role in the diagnosis and staging of abdominal and gynecologic neoplasms. Where peritoneal involvement by malignant tumors is extensive such as mesothelioma or high-grade abdominal or ovarian carcinomas, diagnosis can usually be confirmed…
Introduction Several factors play a role in the evaluation of the cellular sample. The method of sample collection and fixation, the laboratory procedure to process the sample, and the integration of the morphologic features observed in the sample with the…
Introduction Cytopathologists are concerned about and committed to quality assurance and quality control in their laboratories. These practices include, among others, the use of intralaboratory and extradepartmental consultations, case reviews, correlation of cytologic and histopathologic specimens, hierarchic review of cytopathology,…