Key Concepts A multidisciplinary approach is necessary for ocular surface reconstruction. Optimizing the ocular surface is vital prior to performing keratoplasty. Two-stage approach is preferred over simultaneous ocular surface reconstruction and keratoplasty. Systemic immunosuppression is generally well tolerated and safe.…
Key Concepts Conjunctival flaps are a well-established treatment modality for corneal and ocular surface disorders. Indications include persistent corneal epithelial defect, bullous keratopathy, corneal and scleral melting, corneal perforation, unresponsive ulcerative infectious keratitis, corneal limbal disease, glaucoma surgery complications, lacrimal…
Key Concepts Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis is the most frequent cause of unilateral corneal blindness and the most frequent indication for keratoplasty in developed countries. HSV keratitis is a complex, multifaceted disease, and successful treatment requires a clear understanding…
Key Concepts Intraoperative complications during penetrating keratoplasty can be related to anesthesia, fixation ring placement, trephination, damage to intraocular structures, and bleeding. Intraoperative complications are best dealt with at the time of surgery and with adequate preparation can be successfully…
Key Concepts The development of contemporary corneal transplantation has been evolutionary and largely evidence-based over the past century. The first successful, documented corneal graft was reported in 1906. Ramon Castroviejo is recognized as the pioneer of modern keratoplasty, and R.…
Key Concepts Vitamin A deficiency is the most important nutritional disorder with respect to the cornea clinically. It is predominantly a disease affecting the poor in developing nations. In the cornea, Vitamin A deficiency is characterized by the presence of…
Key Concepts Toxic conjunctivitis is a potentially sight-threatening condition that must be recognized and managed appropriately. Toxic conjunctivitis as a result of ophthalmic medications can be clinically difficult to distinguish from allergic conjunctivitis. Careful clinical examination can provide diagnostic cues…
Key Concepts DNA viruses are frequently associated with vision-threatening complications, while RNA viruses usually cause more benign forms of conjunctivitis. Adenovirus is the most common etiology of viral conjunctivitis. Laboratory testing is rarely necessary for diagnosis; however, identification of the…
Key Concepts In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a high-resolution imaging technique that enables microscopic examination of the ocular surface with good histopathologic correlation. IVCM is useful for the early diagnosis and monitoring of infectious keratitis from fungi and Acanthamoeba with…