The nutcracker syndrome is characterized by entrapment and compression of the left renal vein between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) ( Figure 1 ). The underlying anatomic anomaly, first described by Gant in 1937, can lead…
Acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and its complications, including pulmonary embolism (PE), recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), and the postthrombotic syndrome (PTS), are important not only as the most common preventable cause of hospital death but also as a cause of…
Evidence-based medicine is best defined as “the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of the current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.” Clinical practice guidelines evaluate the evidence in the scientific literature, assess the likely benefits…
Venous disorders of the abdomen and pelvis are often referred to as a number of syndromes, including pelvic congestion, May-Thurner, and nutcracker syndrome (NCS), which are of historical significance, but inadequately reflect the underlying pathophysiology of these disorders. For example,…