Introduction Although anterior vaginal prolapse is most common, loss of apical support is usually present in women with prolapse that extends beyond the hymen. There is growing recognition that adequate support for the vaginal apex is an essential component of…
One-third to one-half of all surgeries for pelvic organ prolapse involve the posterior vaginal wall. Although rectocele repair has been commonly performed for over a century, the long-term functional and anatomic outcomes and ideal surgical technique have not been determined.…
Introduction Anterior vaginal prolapse occurs commonly and may coexist with disorders of micturition. Mild anterior vaginal prolapse often occurs in parous women, but usually presents few problems. As the prolapse progresses, symptoms may develop and worsen, and treatment becomes indicated.…
Introduction Synthetic midurethral slings (MUSs) have become the most popular surgical procedures performed for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in the twenty-first century. Few operations in gynecology or urology have been as well studied or have gained such…
Introduction Since 1949, when Marshall et al. first described retropubic urethrovesical suspension for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI), retropubic procedures have proved to be consistently curative. Although numerous terminologies and variations of retropubic repairs have been described, the…
Introduction The term pelvic floor disorders includes urinary and fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, and sensory and emptying abnormalities of the lower urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Pelvic floor disorders are common in women and often coexist, so it is important…
Introduction The purposes of any classification system are to facilitate understanding of disease etiology and pathophysiology, to help establish and standardize treatment and research guidelines, and to avoid confusion among those who are concerned with the problem. Classification systems for…
Pelvic anatomy Bones of the pelvis The bones of the pelvis are the rigid foundation to which all the pelvic structures are ultimately anchored. In the standing position, forces are dispersed to minimize pressures on the pelvic viscera and musculature…
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