KEY POINTS 1. Spina bifida is the most common nonlethal birth defect of the central nervous system and occurs when the vertebral column fails to close, resulting in neurologic impacts from both the abnormal formation and ongoing damage to the…
Achondroplasia (“without cartilage formation”) is the most common form of dwarfism in humans and is characterized by disproportionately short stature with rhizomelic shortening of the extremities, macrocephaly, midface hypoplasia, and frontal bossing. , This skeletal dysplasia results from defective formation…
Introduction The Chiari malformations encompass a range of hindbrain anomalies. Classically, four subtypes were described ( Table 72.1 ). Chiari 1 malformations are characterized by cerebellar tonsillar herniation through the foramen magnum, and may be congenital or acquired. Patients with…