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Introduction Bilateral neck exploration (BNE) with the identification of at least four parathyroid glands and the removal of pathologic parathyroid tissue has represented, for several decades, the standard of treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) (see Chapter 56 , Standard Bilateral…
Acknowledgment The authors would like to acknowledge and thank Dr. Anand K. Mishra for contributions to the previous edition of this chapter. The modern thyroid or endocrine surgeon should have a complete understanding of the embryonic development of the thyroid…