Two- and three-dimensional echocardiography (2DE and 3DE, respectively), combined with spectral and color-flow Doppler evaluation, provides the most accurate laboratory test in detection and quantification of tricuspid regurgitation (TR). “Physiologic” TR is associated with normal valve leaflet morphology and normal…
Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is characterized by a variable amount of blood regurgitating from the right ventricle (RV) into the right atrium (RA) during systole, eventually leading to excess mortality and cardiac morbidity. Several studies showed that the prevalence of clinically…
The milestone in the history of three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) has been the development of fully sampled matrix-array transthoracic transducers based on advanced digital processing and improved image formation algorithms that allowed the operators to obtain on-cart transthoracic real-time volumetric imaging…