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Acknowledgment The authors wish to thank Ira J. Rampril for work on the previous edition of this chapter. Risk 10% of diagnosed brain neoplasms Peak incidence fourth to sixth decade of life Perioperative Risks Related to specific hormone-related effects, including…

Pain after a surgical procedure is inevitable. However, as stated by Haruki Murakami, “Suffering is optional.” Management of postoperative pain has come a full circle. The Joint Commission recognized the underassessment and undertreatment of pain in 2000 and introduced the…