Technical Aspects Anatomy The esophagus extends from the pharynx to the cardiac portion of the stomach. The length of the esophagus is approximately 25 to 30 cm, and it has cervical, thoracic, and abdominal portions. The cervical portion extends from the…
Technical Aspects Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has evolved significantly since its infancy, with major advances in hardware, software, coil developments, sequence development, and contrast agents. Industry and academia continue to advance the field with continued exciting emerging technologies. The discussion…
Technical Aspects Contrast agents enhance the visualization of vascular structures as well as pathologic tissues, which appear more prominent against the background of normal tissue. Development of novel contrast agents continues to be an exciting area, with new targeted agents,…
Technical Aspects The principles of magnetization and physics allow us to create images via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) noninvasively. In this chapter, an overview is provided on how images are created, illustrating the concepts of protons, radiofrequency (RF) excitation, T1…
Fluoroscopy is a type of imaging technique in which real-time movements of body organs and radiopaque contrast material are visualized. During a fluoroscopic examination, the operator or radiologist controls the functions of radiography equipment and x-ray tubes for real-time imaging…
Technical Aspects A plain abdominal radiograph must be read with a complete knowledge of the clinical situation. The patient's history and results of the physical examination and laboratory studies are always important to evaluate an acute abdomen, which may be…