Breast conservation therapy (BCT) is the complete removal of breast cancer with a margin of normal tissue surrounding the tumor. Standard treatment is to be followed by radiation therapy (RT). The primary goals of BCT are to provide a survival…
The aberrations of normal development and involution (ANDI) classification of benign breast disorder (BBD) provides an overall framework for benign conditions of the breast that encompasses both pathogenesis and the degree of abnormality. It is a bidirectional framework based on…
The mammary gland is composed of an epithelial system of ducts and lobuloalveolar secretory units embedded in a mesenchymally derived fat pad. The growth and morphogenesis of the epithelial structures of the breast occur in various stages and are associated…
Paired mammary glands, or breasts, are a distinguishing feature of mammals. These glands evolved as milk-producing organs to provide nourishment to the offspring, in a relatively immature and dependent state, with embryonic development in utero. The organ develops from the…
As the most commonly occurring neoplastic disease of the female gender, breast cancer is recognized internationally as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality for women. Despite centuries of theoretical meanderings and scientific inquiry, breast cancer remains the most dreaded of…