Introduction Primary tumors may spread to the spine in 20% to 40% of cancer patients, and approximately 20% of these patients will be symptomatic from their tumors. Their symptomatology may be related to compression of the spinal cord, leading to…
Introduction Intradural extramedullary (IDEM) tumors arise within the confines of the dura mater but are not intrinsic to the spinal cord itself. Epidemiological studies have reported an incidence of approximately 0.74 per 100,000 person years. These tumors are typically considered…
Introduction Metastatic spine disease occurs in approximately 20% of cancer patients, with an estimated 20,000 new cases each year. Most malignancies have the ability to spread to the spine, but the most common primary sites are lung, breast, prostate, and…
Introduction Rod fracture following complex spinal deformity correction is a common problem occurring in up to 15% of cases. Following deformity correction, the rods act as struts that allow the bony fusion to occur. The rods during this time period…
Introduction Kyphoscoliosis is the loss of the normal thoracolumbar curvature resulting in increased kyphosis as a result of either increased thoracic kyphosis or thoracolumbar kyphosis. This can result in significant amount of disability due to pain drastically altering the patient’s…
Introduction Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis, affecting 2% to 4% of adolescents with an occurrence rate of 0.5 to 5.2%. Although the pathophysiology is unclear, there are some studies that suggest a genetic component.…
Introduction Adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS), or de novo degenerative lumbar scoliosis, is a form of spinal deformity diagnosed in individuals with a coronal curve of >10 degrees, beginning after the age of 50, and without a prior history of scoliosis.…
Introduction Flat back syndrome is described as loss of lumbar lordosis, which alters the center of gravity, thereby shifting the head anterior to the sacrum causing sagittal imbalance. This is typically seen following multiple lumbar fusions with distraction of the…
Introduction Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis, affecting 2% to 4% of adolescents with an occurrence rate of 0.5 to 5.2%. Although the pathophysiology is unclear, there are some studies that suggest a genetic component.…
Introduction Adult degenerative scoliosis (ADS), or de novo degenerative lumbar scoliosis, is a spinal deformity diagnosed in individuals with a coronal curve of >10 degrees, beginning after the age of 50, and without a prior history of scoliosis. It differs…