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Key points Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex disease with various types of leukocytes involved in its pathology. Multiple subsets of CD4 + helper T cells, which are sensitized, activated, and differentiated by antigen presenting cells (i.e., Langerhans cells and…

Key points Allergen-specific B cells are differentiated into plasma cells producing immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Through binding to the receptors (FcεRI and FcεRII), IgE induces cytokine and chemokine production from immune cells. Intrinsic atopic dermatitis is T-cell mediated, involving Th2…