Introduction Due to improvements in surgical techniques and medical therapies in recent years, there has been an increase in survival to adulthood in those with complex congenital heart disease. While complex congenital heart disease requires a careful and individualized approach,…
Introduction Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) represent the most common type of congenital heart disease in childhood (∼40%). As a significant proportion of VSDs spontaneously close in childhood (predominantly muscular defects), the prevalence in adulthood decreases and is closer to 25%.…
Introduction Atrial septal defects (ASDs) occur in 0.1% of the population and represent the largest group of congenital defects in the adult population. Echocardiographic evaluation of ASDs should include characterization of the defect, evaluation for additional associated lesions, and description…