Tag Kate Coleman BSc PhD FRCS FRCOphth

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Abstract The appearance of the ageing face is a summation of foundation volume loss from recession of underlying skeletal support; skin volume loss from aging, ultraviolet damage and ‘rubbing’, and sagging of support muscles with gravity. Botulinum toxin is ideal…

Abstract Botulinum toxin can be effective in balancing the muscles of the perioral area as they age. The author avoids paralysing the muscles of the upper lip by eliminating upper lip rhytids with CO 2 laser resurfacing and fine fillers…

Abstract A thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the forehead and scalp is essential. Movement of muscles on the forehead are relayed through the brain and redirected to affect the innervation of the full forehead and scalp. This knowledge is…

Abstract The crow’s feet are the wrinkles at the corners of the eyes due to contraction of the orbicularis oculi when smiling. The same part of the muscle is responsible for depressing the lateral part of the eyebrows and for…

Abstract Patients with neuromuscular diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, must be warned that botulinum toxin could potentiate their weakness. Some drugs, such as aminoglycosides and anaesthetic agents, will interfere with the effect of botulinum toxin and could result in an…

Abstract It is important to carefully select patients for botulinum toxin rejuvenation treatment. It must be clear to the patient what the injection will do and how it works. The patient must also be fit to comprehend his or her…

Abstract Most faces are asymmetrical, with asymmetrical bone structure and therefore overlying muscle volume. The art is to see the difference in sizes and actions of the muscle groups to predict possible difference in innervation of bilateral muscles once the…

Abstract The main serotypes of botulinum toxin comprise different concentration measurements. Each must be reconstituted specifically for its own brand, and doses must not be interchanged. However, BOTOX and Xeomin have been prepared from the same concentration system, and dilutions…

Abstract Botulinum toxin is used for cosmetic (45%) and noncosmetic (55%) indications. It is effective as a skeletal muscle relaxant, an antispasticity agent, for essential tremor and for trigeminal neuralgia. Botulinum toxin acts at the autonomic junctions to treat hyperhidrosis…