Introduction Although ingrowing lashes are usually only a minor irritant they may cause permanent scarring of the cornea and threaten sight, especially if the cornea is insensitive or the eye is dry. Classification: Trichiasis Distichiasis Trichiasis is a common, acquired,…
Introduction Neglected ectropion leads to epiphora and secondary cicatricial changes in the skin. A vicious circle is set up which is increasingly difficult to reverse the longer surgery is delayed. Classification Involutional Cicatricial – generalised – linear Paralytic Mechanical Exclude…
Introduction Entropion of the upper or lower eyelids causes pain and leads eventually to corneal scarring. The changes occur more rapidly if there is also a poor tear film. Classification: Involutional Cicatricial Congenital Although less common than involutional entropion, cicatricial…
Introduction In this chapter a basic set of instruments for ophthalmic plastic surgery is suggested. Extra instruments for particular procedures may be added. 5.1 The basic instruments The basic instruments Top row, left to right: Castroviejo needle holders Barraquer needle…
Introduction Local anaesthesia is very satisfactory for most ophthalmic plastic procedures. Children and some adults require general anaesthesia. Extensive procedures are more conveniently done under general anaesthesia because of the volume of local anaesthetic that would be required. Premedication A…
Introduction In this chapter many of the techniques of examination used in ophthalmic plastic surgery are described. After taking an accurate history it is helpful to approach the examination in a methodical way. The relative importance of each test varies…
Introduction Ophthalmic plastic surgery shares many basic techniques with general plastic surgery. During the past 100 years, new techniques have been developed which take maximum advantage of the specialised anatomy of the eyelids and periorbital region. The patient lies supine…
Introduction The eyelids protect the eyes. Disease which alters eyelid structure or function threatens sight and an understanding of eyelid anatomy and physiology is fundamental to good reconstructive surgery. The eyelids should not be studied in isolation but in the…