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Introduction Since the inception of anesthesia changed and expanded surgery, some patients have experienced changes in cognitive function postoperatively. Elderly patients are at higher risk of these changes in neurocognitive function, probably because of reduced cognitive reserve and increased cerebral…
Preoperative Assessment Valvular heart disease (VHD) is frequently observed in patients undergoing surgery. As the medical and minimally invasive management of coronary artery disease increases, the number of patients with untreated advanced valvular disease is likely to supersede the number…