Introduction Tourette syndrome (TS), listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) as Tourette disorder (TD), is named after the French physician Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who in 1885 reported nine patients with a…
Introduction The presence of a movement disorder in a child usually raises concerns about an underlying serious, progressive, degenerative, or metabolic disease. However, many movement disorders are benign and related to normal stages of development. In fact, it may be difficult…
Introduction Clinical assessment of movement disorders requires careful visual observation in order to fully characterize the phenomenology and the severity of the disorder. The definitions presented in Chapter 3 and detailed characteristics of individual movement disorders provided in Chapter 7,…
Introduction The approach to the diagnosis of a pediatric movement disorder often overlaps with other areas of pediatric medicine in requiring a careful medical, developmental, family, and social history and comprehensive physical examination. An additional requirement, however, is the need…
Introduction Movement disorders are neurological syndromes that involve impaired performance of voluntary movements, dysfunction of posture, the presence of abnormal involuntary movements, or the performance of normal-appearing movements at inappropriate or unintended times. The abnormalities of movement are not due…
Introduction and Overview The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the basic anatomic and functional organization of the cerebellum and its inflow and outflow pathways as they relate to motor function and diseases affecting motor control.…
Introduction The basal ganglia are large subcortical structures comprising several interconnected nuclei in the forebrain, diencephalon, and midbrain. Historically, the basal ganglia have been viewed as a component of the motor system. However, there is now substantial evidence that the…
Movement Disorders and the Basal Ganglia Neurologists often equate movement disorders with disease or dysfunction of the basal ganglia, so no review of movement disorders would be complete without a discussion of these subcortical structures and their connections. In some…
How an experienced neurologist uses the history of the patient’s illness, the neurological examination, and investigations to diagnose neurological disease is discussed in Chapter 1, Chapter 33 . This chapter presents some general principles guiding the management of neurological disease.…
The history and examination are key to making the diagnosis in a patient with neurological disease (see Chapter 1 ). However, ancillary testing is very important in diagnosis and management. Testing for specific disorders is addressed in detail in later…