A series of metabolic disorders with prominent neurological accompaniments and serious deleterious effects on the developing central nervous system has been described under the designation organic acid disorders . The term organic acid is particularly imprecise but, unfortunately, appears to…
Since the late 1950s, numerous disorders of amino acid (AA) metabolism have been described with major implications for the developing nervous system. Although each of the disorders is rare, collectively they are important for two major reasons. First, they represent…
An important relationship between bilirubin and injury to the neonatal central nervous system (CNS) has been recognized for many years. The first comprehensive description of the most overt form of bilirubin encephalopathy (i.e., kernicterus) was provided by Schmorl in 1903.…
Introduction Glucose, like oxygen, is of essential and fundamental importance for brain metabolism. Indeed, because oxygen consumption is relatively low in the neonatal human brain and minimal in such areas as cerebral white matter (see Chapter 16 ), glucose supply…
Germinal matrix–intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) is the most common variety of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage and is characteristic of the premature infant. The importance of the lesion relates not only to its high incidence but also to the essential gravity of the…
Cerebellar hemorrhage has been increasingly detected in the fetus and the preterm and full-term newborn in recent years. Currently, our understanding of cerebellar hemorrhagic injury and its long-term neurological sequelae has changed significantly, in large part because of increasing survival…
Intracranial hemorrhage in the neonatal period is an important clinical problem. Its importance relates to a relatively high frequency of occurrence, accompanied at times by serious neurological sequelae or even death. Over the last decade there have been changes in…
The presentation and etiologies of stroke in the newborn differ from those of children and adults and, in many cases, remain unrecognized. Perinatal ischemic stroke has been defined as “a group of heterogeneous conditions in which there is a focal…
The clinical aspects of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are appropriately discussed after the neuropathology (see Chapter 22 ) and pathophysiology (see Chapter 23 ), because understanding of the clinical phenomena is facilitated greatly by an awareness of the underlying pathological…
Introduction This chapter addresses the pathophysiology of hypoxic-ischemic injury. This is a dynamic process, characterized by an evolving cascade of events that may continue for days to weeks, months, and years after the initial insult. The neuropathology following primary, latent,…