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Introduction Chronic venous disorders (CVD) are a spectrum of venous diseases that affect the lower limb. The manifestations include varicose veins, pain, edema, skin changes, and venous ulcerations. The pathophysiology involves reflux within the deep, superficial, and perforating vein valves…
Chronic venous ulcers reflect a complex interplay that involves sustained venous hypertension, leukocyte activation and inflammation, changes in the microcirculation, cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression, and altered cellular function. The fundamental of nonoperative therapy in venous ulcer pathology is…