Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and its more severe form, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are the quintessential menstrual cycle–influenced disorders. A common feature of these disorders is the inability to distinguish between affected women and normal…
Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ The “climacteric” refers to the phase in a woman's reproductive life when a gradual decline in ovarian function results in decreased sex steroid production with its sequelae. Because this phase is a normal consequence…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Eighty to eighty-five percent of fertile couples will conceive after 1 year of frequent attempts. Infertility is defined as an undesired absence of fertility for 1 year despite frequent intercourse. About 10-15% of couples…
Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ Amenorrhea literally means the absence of menses. As a menstrual disorder, amenorrhea is primary when menstruation has never occurred by the age of 16 years (or 14 years with the absence of breast development)…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Imaging studies are used in gynecology to evaluate pelvic masses and also to assist in oocyte retrieval. Common modalities used include ultrasonography, sonohysterography, computed axial tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, mammography, and hysterosalpingography. ▪ Before…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Intimate partner violence, formerly called domestic violence, is defined as intentionally abusive or controlling behavior by a person who is (or was) in an intimate or close relationship with the victim. The relationship may…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Sexuality and sexual expression are important aspects of human behavior. Recent liberalization of attitudes about sexuality and sexual expression has allowed the diversity of sexual behavior to be acknowledged. Although sexual expression is unlikely…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ During the reproductive years (puberty to menopause), menstrual bleeding normally occurs every 24 to 38 days, except during the first few years of menstruation, during and for a short time after pregnancy and lactation,…
Clinical Keys for This Chapter ▪ Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in extrauterine locations. An accurate prevalence for endometriosis is not known, but it is estimated that about 10% of women of reproductive age…
Clinical Keys for this Chapter ▪ Ectopic pregnancy refers to those pregnancies that implant outside the uterine cavity. Although more than 95% of ectopic pregnancies implant in the fallopian tube, occasionally they may implant in other sites, such as the…