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Introduction Maintenance of the tonicity of extracellular fluids within a very narrow range is crucial for proper cell function. Extracellular osmolality regulates cell shape, as well as intracellular concentrations of ions and other osmolytes. Furthermore, proper extracellular ionic concentrations are…
Introduction The study of the endocrine system has undergone a dramatic evolution since the 1990s, from the traditional physiologic studies that dominated the field for many years to the discoveries of molecular endocrinology and endocrine genetics. At the present time,…