Normal magnesium physiology 1. How is magnesium measured? The molecular weight of magnesium is 24.3 g/mol, with a 2+ valence (Mg2+). The normal serum magnesium level is 0.7 to 0.85 mmol/L, but it is often expressed as equivalents per liter,…
Normal phosphorus physiology 1. What is the difference between phosphate and phosphorus and how are they measured in clinical medicine? Phosphorus is a critical element in physiology. Phosphorus is an essential component of bone (hydroxyapatite), DNA, lipid membranes (phospholipids), signal…
1. What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? The production of urine and the removal of waste products by the kidneys begin by filtering blood across the glomerular membrane. Blood enters the glomerulus and then can exit either through the…