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Key Points 1. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) plays a valuable role in interventional cardiac procedures, when used to guide transseptal puncture, evaluation of left atrial thrombus, closure of paravalvular leaks, transcatheter valve deployment, and during removal of transvenous lead extractions.…
INTRODUCTION Opioid-based anesthesia emerged as a safe and effective way to maintain hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the early 1970s and used large doses (typically 0.5 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg) of long-acting opioids such as morphine. ,…
INTRODUCTION Hypertension affects approximately 45% of the United States (U.S.) population and is a leading cause of mortality both nationally and globally. In light of the high prevalence of hypertensive heart disease, the American College of Cardiology and American Heart…