Summary of Key Points A conflict of interest is defined as “a set of conditions in which professional judgment concerning a primary interest (such as a patient’s welfare or the validity of research) tends to be unduly influenced by a…
Summary of Key Points Cell-based therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration has the potential to restore the physiological function of the spine and improve back pain and disability. Cell sources explored to date include mesenchymal stem cells, notochordal cells, induced pluripotent…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis Vertebral artery injury during cervical spine surgery is a rare but devastating complication. The vertebral artery is most susceptible to injury anteriorly at C7, laterally from C3 to C7, and posteriorly at C1 and C2. A…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis Vertebral artery injuries (VAIs) are becoming increasingly recognized as more screening protocols are being used. Angiography is the gold standard, but many centers are using computed tomography angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) as the…