Introduction An exponential rise in rates of spinal surgery over the past decade has been dominated by a concomitant increase in the utilization of intervertebral cages for spinal fusion. The modernized minimally invasive retroperitoneal transpsoas approach for lateral lumbar interbody…
Introduction Revision lumbar surgery is a technically challenging operation that requires careful planning and patient selection. In the case of previous interbody fusion, there are particular considerations the surgeon needs to address when planning a revision operation, such as the…
Summary of Key Points The natural spinal curvature allows for horizontal gaze while standing in an upright position. The development and maintenance of spinal anatomy and posture are dynamic and vary by individual. Beyond the craniocervical junction, there are seven…