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Fast-Track Cardiac Anesthesia: A Vital Core of Perioperative Cardiac Surgery Programs
INTRODUCTION Opioid-based anesthesia emerged as a safe and effective way to maintain hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the early 1970s and used large doses (typically 0.5 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg) of long-acting opioids such as morphine. ,…